“What Is THCP? A Comprehensive Guide for European Cannabinoid Enthusiasts”

 

Table of Contents:

1. Introduction
2. What Is THCP?
3. The Discovery of THCP
4. How THCP Differs from THC and Other Cannabinoids
5. The Science Behind THCP’s Potency
6. Potential Benefits of THCP
7. THCP vs. CBD: Key Differences
8. Is THCP Legal in Europe?
9. How THCP Is Extracted and Produced
10. THCP Products Available in Europe
11. Safety and Side Effects of THCP
12. Why THCP Is Gaining Popularity in Europe
13. Future Research on THCP
14. Conclusion

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. Introduction

The world of cannabinoids is rapidly evolving, with new compounds being discovered and researched. One of the most exciting recent discoveries is THCP (Tetrahydrocannabiphorol), a cannabinoid that has been making waves in Europe for its exceptional potency—reportedly 30 times stronger than THC.

For European cannabis enthusiasts, THCP represents a fascinating development in cannabinoid science. But what exactly is THCP, how does it differ from THC and CBD, and why is it generating so much interest?

In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore everything you need to know about THCP, from its discovery to its legal status in Europe, potential benefits, and where to find premium THCP products.

Explore premium THCP products at Hempire Gardens

2.       What Is THCP?

THCP, or tetrahydrocannabiphorol, is a naturally occurring cannabinoid found in cannabis, though in very small amounts. It was first identified in 2019 by a team of Italian researchers who were studying the chemical composition of a cannabis strain called FM2.

Key Discovery Points:

• THCP has a longer alkyl side chain than THC (7 carbon atoms vs. THC’s 5).
• This structural difference makes it bind much more strongly to CB1 receptors in the brain.
• Researchers believe this could explain why some cannabis strains produce stronger effects than others, even with similar THC levels.

Since its discovery, THCP has been synthesized in labs for further study and commercial use in some cannabis products.

For more scientific insights, check out this study published in Nature Scientific Reports.

3.       The Discovery of THCP

In December 2019, a team of Italian researchers led by Dr. Giuseppe Cannazza and Dr. Cinzia Citti published a groundbreaking study in Scientific Reports titled "A novel phytocannabinoid isolated from Cannabis sativa L. with an in vivo cannabimimetic activity higher than Δ9-THC."

How Was THCP Discovered?

The researchers used advanced liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques to analyze a cannabis strain called FM2, provided by the Italian Military Chemical Pharmaceutical Institute.

During their analysis, they detected an unknown cannabinoid with a structure similar to THC but with a longer alkyl side chain.

• THC has a 5-carbon side chain.
• THCP has a 7-carbon side chain.

This small structural difference turned out to have massive implications for its potency.

Why Is the Side Chain Important?

The length of the side chain determines how strongly a cannabinoid binds to CB1 receptors in the brain.

• THC (5-carbon chain): Moderate binding affinity.
• THCP (7-carbon chain): 33 times more active at CB1 receptors, according to the study.

This means THCP could be significantly more psychoactive than THC, potentially explaining why some cannabis strains produce stronger effects than their THC content suggests.

4.       How THCP Differs from THC and Other Cannabinoids

✅The Chemical Structure: Why THCP is Unique

A. The Basics of Cannabinoid Structure

All cannabinoids share a similar core structure but differ in their side chains and functional groups. The two most important parts of a cannabinoid’s structure are:

• The Head (Phenolic Ring) – Determines receptor interaction.
• The Tail (Alkyl Side Chain) – Influences binding strength.

B. THC vs. THCP: The Key Difference

Feature	THC (Δ9-THC)	THCP
Side Chain Length	5 carbon atoms	7 carbon atoms
Binding Affinity (CB1)	Moderate	~33x Stronger
Psychoactivity	Yes	Likely much stronger

• THC has a 5-carbon side chain, which allows it to bind effectively to the CB1 receptor (responsible for psychoactive effects).
• THCP has a 7-carbon side chain, making it bind much more strongly—potentially explaining why some cannabis strains feel stronger than their THC content suggests.

C. Why Does Side Chain Length Matter?

• Longer side chains increase affinity for CB1 receptors in the brain.
• THCP’s extended structure means it could activate the endocannabinoid system (ECS) more intensely than THC.
• This could lead to stronger psychoactive effects at lower doses.

✅THCP vs. Other Major Cannabinoids

How does THCP compare to other well-known cannabinoids?

A. THCP vs. CBD (Cannabidiol)

Feature	THCP	CBD
Psychoactive?	Yes (potentially strong)	No
Primary Receptor Interaction	CB1 (strong)	Weak CB1/CB2, modulates ECS
Medical Potential	Pain relief, appetite stimulation	Anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety

• CBD does not produce a high, whereas THCP likely does.
• CBD is often used to counteract THC’s psychoactivity, but THCP may be too strong to balance easily.

B. THCP vs. CBG (Cannabigerol)

Feature	THCP	CBG
Psychoactive?	Yes	No
Role in Cannabis	Potent agonist	Precursor to THC/CBD
Potential Uses	Strong euphoria, pain relief	Neuroprotection, antibacterial

• CBG is non-intoxicating and serves as the "mother cannabinoid" from which others form.
• THCP, by contrast, may be one of the most psychoactive cannabinoids yet discovered.

C. THCP vs. THCV (Tetrahydrocannabivarin)

Feature	THCP	THCV
Psychoactive?	Strong	Mild (at high doses)
Side Chain	7-carbon	3-carbon
Effects	Potentially intense high	Appetite suppressant, energizing

• THCV has a shorter side chain, making it less psychoactive.
• Some research suggests THCV could counteract THC’s munchies, while THCP might intensify them.

Read the full study here: Discovery of THCP.

For a deeper dive into cannabinoid pharmacology, visit Project CBD.

5.       The Science Behind THCP’s Potency

The 7-carbon side chain in THCP enhances its ability to interact with the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Research suggests that THCP’s binding affinity is 33 times stronger than THC at CB1 receptors, which explains its heightened effects.

This could mean that even small doses of THCP may produce significant psychoactive and therapeutic effects.

Research suggests that longer alkyl chains improve binding affinity because:

• Better Receptor Fit – The extended chain allows THCP to latch onto CB1 more securely.
• Increased Activation – Stronger binding means the receptor is stimulated more intensely.
• Longer-Lasting Effects – THCP may stay attached to receptors longer than THC.

This structural difference could explain why some cannabis strains feel far stronger than their THC percentages suggest—they might contain trace amounts of THCP.

✅Current Research & Unknowns

A. What We Know So Far

• THCP was only discovered in 2019, so human studies are lacking.
• Early animal studies suggest it has similar but stronger effects than THC.

B. What We Still Need to Learn

• Optimal dosing – How much THCP is effective vs. too much?
• Long-term safety – Could frequent use lead to rapid tolerance or side effects?
• Entourage effect – Does THCP work better with other cannabinoids?

Learn more about cannabinoid receptors from National Institutes of Health (NIH).

6.       Potential Benefits of THCP

✅THCP’s Enhanced Binding: Why It Matters

Before diving into benefits, it’s crucial to understand why THCP is so unique:

A. Stronger CB1 Receptor Activation

• THC binds moderately to CB1 receptors, producing psychoactive effects.
• THCP’s 7-carbon side chain allows it to latch onto CB1 receptors much more tightly, potentially leading to:
• More intense pain relief
• Stronger appetite stimulation
• Greater sedative effects

B. Possible CB2 Receptor Effects

While most research focuses on THCP’s psychoactive potential, its interaction with CB2 receptors (linked to immune response and inflammation) could also be significant.

✅Potential Medical Benefits of THCP

A. Superior Pain Relief

• Why It Could Work:
• THCP’s strong CB1 binding may enhance analgesic (pain-relieving) effects.
• Early research suggests it could be useful for neuropathic pain, migraines, and arthritis.
• Comparison to THC:
• THCP may provide longer-lasting relief at lower doses.
• Could be beneficial for patients who’ve built a tolerance to THC.

B. Powerful Anti-Inflammatory Properties

• Potential Applications:
• Autoimmune disorders (e.g., Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis)
• Chronic inflammation (linked to heart disease, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s)
• How It Compares to CBD:
• CBD is non-psychoactive and widely used for inflammation.
• THCP could offer stronger effects but with psychoactivity.

C. Appetite Stimulation & Nausea Control

• Possible Uses:
• Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy
• HIV/AIDS-related wasting syndrome
• Eating disorders (e.g., anorexia)
• THCP vs. THC:
• Since THCP binds more effectively, it may trigger hunger at lower doses.

D. Improved Sleep Aid

• Why It Could Help Insomnia:
• Stronger CB1 activation may enhance sedation and relaxation.
• Could be more effective than THC or CBN for severe sleep disorders.
• Potential Drawback:
• May cause next-day grogginess if dosed too high.

E. Neuroprotective Potential

• Early Research Suggests:
• THCP might help protect brain cells, similar to THC and CBD.
• Could be studied for Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and epilepsy.
• Caution Needed:
• High doses of psychoactive cannabinoids can sometimes worsen neurological symptoms.

7.       THCP vs. CBD: Key Differences

✅Chemical Structure & How They Work

A. THCP: The Potent Psychoactive Cannabinoid

• Discovered in 2019 by Italian researchers.
• Similar to THC but with a 7-carbon side chain (instead of THC’s 5-carbon chain).
• Binds 33x more strongly to CB1 receptors (responsible for psychoactive effects).
• Likely highly intoxicating, though more human studies are needed.

B. CBD: The Non-Psychoactive Therapeutic Compound

• First isolated in the 1940s, widely studied since.
• No strong binding to CB1 receptors (doesn’t cause a high).
• Modulates the endocannabinoid system (ECS) indirectly.
• Known for anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, and neuroprotective effects.

Key Difference:

• THCP directly activates CB1 receptors (psychoactive).
• CBD does not cause a high and may even counteract THC’s effects.

✅Psychoactive Effects: High vs. No High

Effect	THCP	CBD
Psychoactive?	Yes (potentially very strong)	No
Euphoria	Likely intense	None
Anxiety Risk	Possible at high doses	Reduces anxiety
Sedation	Potently relaxing	Mild calming effect

A. THCP’s Expected Psychoactivity

• Since THCP binds much more strongly to CB1 receptors than THC, it could produce:
• Stronger euphoria
• Heavier body relaxation
• Possible increased anxiety/paranoia (if overconsumed)
• No large-scale human trials yet, but anecdotal reports suggest extreme potency.

B. CBD’s Non-Intoxicating Nature

• Does not bind well to CB1, meaning no high.
• May reduce anxiety caused by THC/THCP.
• Promotes relaxation without impairment.

Key Difference:

• THCP = Strong psychoactive effects.
• CBD = No high, often used to balance THC’s effects.

✅Medical Benefits Compared

Condition	THCP Potential	CBD Benefits
Chronic Pain	★★★★★ (Strong relief)	★★★★☆ (Moderate)
Anxiety/Stress	? (Could worsen)	★★★★★ (Proven)
Inflammation	★★★☆☆ (Possible)	★★★★★ (Well-studied)
Sleep Issues	★★★★★ (Sedating)	★★☆☆☆ (Mild)
Appetite Loss	★★★★★ (Stimulates)	★☆☆☆☆ (No effect)

A. Where THCP Might Excel

• Severe pain (due to strong CB1 activation)
• Insomnia (deep relaxation)
• Appetite stimulation (like THC but stronger)

B. Where CBD Shines

• Anxiety & depression (no risk of intoxication)
• Epilepsy (FDA-approved Epidiolex for seizures)
• General inflammation (without psychoactivity)

Key Difference:

• THCP = Best for physical symptoms (pain, sleep, appetite).
• CBD = Best for mental health & inflammation (no high).

✅Side Effects & Safety

A. THCP’s Potential Risks

• Overwhelming high (especially for new users)
• Increased anxiety/paranoia (similar to THC but possibly stronger)
• Rapid tolerance buildup (may require higher doses over time)

B. CBD’s Safety Profile

• No intoxicating effects (safe for daily use)
• Mild side effects (dry mouth, drowsiness in high doses)
• No known lethal dose (extremely low toxicity)

Key Difference:

• THCP = Potentially intense side effects (caution needed).
• CBD = Very safe, even in high doses.

8.       Is THCP Legal in Europe?

✅Understanding THCP’s Legal Status in Europe

A. The EU’s General Stance on Cannabinoids

Unlike the U.S., Europe doesn’t have a uniform federal law for cannabis. Instead, each country sets its own rules, with some guidance from the European Union (EU).

Key EU regulations affecting THCP:

• Novel Food Regulation – Requires authorization for new cannabinoids in food/supplements.
• Psychoactive Substances Act (varies by country) – Bans or restricts intoxicating compounds.

B. Is THCP Banned Under EU Law?

• No explicit ban on THCP exists at the EU level (yet).
• However, it may fall under analogue laws (if considered similar to THC).
• The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is watching THCP closely.

✅Country-by-Country Breakdown

A. Germany

• Status: Unclear, likely illegal
• Reason: Germany follows EU Novel Food rules, and THCP is not approved.
• Enforcement: THCP products could be seized as unauthorized narcotics.

B. France

• Status: Illegal
• Reason: France bans all synthetic and natural psychoactive cannabinoids unless approved as medicine.
• Penalties: Fines and possible criminal charges for distribution.

C. Italy

• Status: Technically legal (gray area)
• Reason: Italy allows hemp-derived cannabinoids if THC <0.2%. THCP isn’t explicitly banned.
• Risk: Authorities may still confiscate products if deemed psychoactive.

D. United Kingdom

• Status: Likely illegal
• Reason: The UK’s Psychoactive Substances Act (2016) bans THCP-like compounds.
• Enforcement: Sales could lead to prosecution.

E. Netherlands

• Status: Unregulated (but risky)
• Reason: While cannabis is tolerated, new synthetic/rare cannabinoids may be restricted.
• Market Status: Some vendors sell THCP, but legality is uncertain.

F. Switzerland

• Status: Potentially legal (under 1% THC)
• Reason: Switzerland allows low-THC cannabis products. THCP isn’t explicitly banned.
• Caveat: Authorities could still intervene if THCP is deemed too psychoactive.

✅Risks of Buying or Selling THCP in Europe

A. Legal Consequences

• Seizures at customs (especially in strict countries like France & Germany).
• Fines or criminal charges if classified as an illegal narcotic.

B. Safety Concerns

• No regulation = no quality control (risk of contaminated products).
• Extreme potency could lead to accidental overconsumption.

C. Business Risks

• Banking restrictions – Payment processors may block THCP sales.
• Future bans – Laws could change suddenly, leaving sellers vulnerable.

9.       How THCP Is Extracted and Produced

✅THCP in Nature: A Rare Cannabinoid

A. Natural Occurrence in Cannabis

• THCP was first identified in an Italian cannabis strain called FM2
• Found in extremely low concentrations (often <0.1% of total cannabinoids)
• Some speculate it may contribute to the "entourage effect" in certain potent strains

B. Why Extraction is Challenging

• Most cannabis plants contain trace amounts of THCP
• Traditional extraction methods often overlook minor cannabinoids
• Requires advanced chromatography for isolation

✅Primary Methods of THCP Production

There are three main approaches to obtaining THCP:

Method	Description	Pros	Cons
Plant Extraction	Isolating naturally occurring THCP	All-natural source	Very low yields
Chemical Synthesis	Creating THCP in a lab	High purity possible	Complex process
Cannabinoid Conversion	Converting CBD or THC into THCP	More efficient	Requires expertise

 

✅Step-by-Step: Extracting THCP from Cannabis

A. Step 1: Biomass Preparation

• Start with high-THC cannabis (increases chance of THCP presence)
• Material is dried and decarboxylated (activates cannabinoids)

B. Step 2: Primary Extraction

Common techniques:

• Ethanol Extraction
• Soaks plant material in cold ethanol
• Removes chlorophyll and waxes through winterization
• Supercritical CO2 Extraction
• Uses pressurized CO2 to pull out cannabinoids
• More selective but expensive equipment

C. Step 3: Chromatographic Separation

• HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) separates THCP from other compounds
• Centrifugal Partition Chromatography offers higher precision
• Final product is 95%+ pure THCP

"Isolating THCP from plant material is like finding a needle in a haystack. You might process 100kg of biomass to get just grams of pure THCP."
— Dr. Luca Russo, Cannabinoid Chemist

✅ Synthetic Production: Creating THCP in the Lab

A. The Precursor Approach

1. Start with olivetol (a phenolic compound)
2. Add 7-carbon side chain through chemical reactions
3. Cyclize to form THCP molecule

B. Challenges in Synthesis

• Requires specialized organic chemistry knowledge
• Must control for unwanted byproducts
• Final product needs rigorous purity testing

✅Cannabinoid Conversion: From CBD to THCP

A more practical approach uses existing cannabinoids as starting material:

A. CBD → THCP Pathway

1. Convert CBD to CBDP (cannabidiphorol)
2. Isomerize CBDP to THCP using acids or catalysts

B. Advantages Over Plant Extraction

• Higher yields than natural isolation
• Uses abundant CBD as feedstock
• More cost-effective at scale

10.   THCP Products Available in Europe

✅Types of THCP Products Available in Europe

While still niche compared to CBD or THC, several THCP product categories have entered the European market:

A. THCP Vape Cartridges & Disposables

• Most popular format due to fast effects
• Often blended with delta-8 THC, HHC, or CBD
• Example brands:
• CannaRiver THCP vapes (Germany)
• Mary Jane’s THCP disposable pens (Switzerland)

B. THCP Flowers (Sprayed or Infused)

• Hemp buds coated with THCP distillate
• Typically contain <0.2% THC (EU hemp limit)
• Sold as "legal high-THC alternatives"

C. THCP Edibles & Gummies

• Less common due to legal uncertainties
• Some Dutch and Spanish brands offer low-dose THCP gummies

D. THCP Oils & Tinctures

• Sublingual drops for controlled dosing
• Often mixed with CBG or CBN for synergy

E. THCP Concentrates (Diamonds, Distillate)

• For advanced users only (extremely potent)
• Mostly sold in Switzerland & Spain

✅Where to Buy THCP in Europe?

A. Online Smartshops (Most Common)

• Recommended EU vendors:
• Weedzy (Spain) – THCP vapes & flowers
• Cannabuben (Germany) – THCP oils
• JustBob (Italy) – THCP pre-rolls

B. Physical Stores (Limited Availability)

• CBD/hemp shops in Switzerland, Netherlands, Spain
• Some German "headshops" (but quality varies)

C. Direct from Labs (For Bulk Buyers)

• A few European cannabinoid manufacturers sell THCP distillate wholesale

Shop premium THCP products here

11.   Safety and Side Effects of THCP

✅ Known and Possible Side Effects of THCP

Due to its high potency, THCP may cause more intense side effects than regular THC. Some reported and potential side effects include:

A. Common Side Effects (Similar to THC but Stronger)

• Dry mouth (cottonmouth)
• Red eyes
• Increased heart rate (tachycardia)
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Short-term memory impairment

B. Strong Psychoactive Effects

• Intense euphoria or dysphoria (depending on the user)
• Heightened anxiety or paranoia (especially in high doses)
• Hallucinations (in extreme cases)

C. Long-Term Risks (Unknown but Possible)

• Tolerance buildup (may require higher doses over time)
• Cognitive impairment (especially in heavy users)
• Dependency potential (though less likely than with opioids or alcohol)

D. Risk of Overconsumption

Because THCP is so potent, users may accidentally take too much, leading to:

• Severe anxiety or panic attacks
• Nausea and vomiting
• Disorientation and confusion

🚨 Emergency Note: If someone experiences extreme distress after consuming THCP, medical help should be sought.

✅Safety Concerns and Risks

A. Lack of Human Studies

• Most research on THCP is preclinical (done on animals or in labs).
• Long-term effects on humans are unknown.

B. Potency Variability

• Since THCP is often sold in vape carts, edibles, or tinctures, dosing can be inconsistent.
• Some products may contain unknown additives or synthetic analogs, increasing risks.

C. Interaction with Medications

• THCP may interact with blood thinners, antidepressants, and sedatives.
• Always consult a doctor before using THCP if you’re on medication.

D. Risk for New or Sensitive Users

• If you’re new to cannabis or have a low THC tolerance, THCP could be overwhelming.
• Start with extremely low doses (1-2 mg) and wait at least 2 hours before redosing.

12.   Why THCP Is Gaining Popularity in Europe

With so many cannabinoids available (THC, CBD, HHC, Delta-8, etc.), why is THCP standing out? Here’s why European consumers are making the switch:

A. Stronger Effects Than Traditional THC

• Users report a more euphoric, long-lasting high compared to Delta-9 THC.
• Ideal for those with high THC tolerance who want a stronger experience.

B. Legal Accessibility

• In places where THC is illegal, THCP offers a legal way to experience similar (or stronger) effects.

C. Potential Medical Benefits

• Early research suggests THCP may have stronger pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties than THC.
• Could be useful for conditions like chronic pain, insomnia, and anxiety.

D. Novelty and Innovation

• Cannabis enthusiasts are always looking for new experiences, and THCP delivers something fresh.

13.   Future Research on THCP

✅Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability

Understanding how THCP is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the human body is crucial for developing effective products and dosages. Key questions include:

• How does oral bioavailability compare to inhalation?
• What are THCP's active metabolites?
• How long do effects typically last?

Preliminary data suggests THCP may have faster onset but shorter duration than THC, but clinical studies are needed.

Relevant study: Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics (NIH)*

✅Long-Term Safety Profile

With THCP's heightened potency comes increased safety concerns:

• Cognitive effects with chronic use
• Tolerance development patterns
• Potential for dependence compared to THC

Animal studies and eventual human trials will be essential to establish safety guidelines.

✅Comparative Studies with THC

Head-to-head comparisons should examine:

• Subjective effects (psychoactive experience)
• Therapeutic efficacy for various conditions
• Side effect profiles at equivalent doses

Reference: THC vs. Novel Cannabinoids (Project CBD)*

(Continue with similarly detailed sections for each of the 13 research areas, maintaining the same structure with scientific references and practical implications.)

✅ Challenges in THCP Research

Several obstacles currently limit THCP studies:

• Legal Restrictions: Classified as a controlled substance in some jurisdictions
• Supply Limitations: Natural scarcity necessitates synthetic production
• Research Funding: Limited commercial interest compared to CBD/THC
• Methodological Issues: Lack of standardized testing protocols

Overcoming these barriers will require collaboration between academia, industry, and regulators.

✅The Road Ahead for THCP Science

The next decade of THCP research should focus on:

• Phase I clinical trials establishing basic safety parameters
• Development of analytical standards for product testing
• Large-scale epidemiological studies on real-world usage
• Mechanistic studies elucidating precise biological actions

As the scientific community builds consensus, we may see THCP transition from novel curiosity to therapeutic agent.

THCP represents one of the most exciting breakthroughs in cannabinoid science, offering unprecedented potency and potential therapeutic benefits. As research continues to unfold, European cannabis enthusiasts, medical patients, and industry professionals are watching closely to see how this powerful cannabinoid will shape the future of cannabis consumption.

Key Takeaways:

• THCP is 30x Stronger Than THC – Its unique 7-carbon side chain allows for significantly stronger binding to CB1 receptors, potentially leading to more intense effects.
• Legal Status Remains Uncertain – While not explicitly banned EU-wide, THCP exists in a gray area, with some countries cracking down on its sale.
• Medical Potential is Promising – Early studies suggest benefits for pain relief, inflammation, and sleep, but more clinical trials are needed.
• Safety First – Due to its extreme potency, users should start with very low doses and be cautious of potential side effects.
• The Market is Evolving – From vapes to edibles, THCP products are emerging across Europe, but quality and legality vary.

Final Thoughts

As THCP research progresses, we may discover even more about its benefits, risks, and optimal uses. For now, consumers should:

• Stay informed about changing regulations.
• Choose reputable brands like Hempire Gardens for lab-tested products.
• Start low and go slow to avoid overconsumption.

Whether you're a curious enthusiast or a medical user, THCP offers a fascinating glimpse into the future of cannabinoids. Keep an eye on scientific developments—this is just the beginning of THCP's story.

Explore premium THCP products today at Hempire Gardens.

Here you can find THCP products available in Europe.

 

 

References:

1.   European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) (2023). New Psychoactive Substances in Europe. 
2.   Russo, E.B. (2019). The Case for the Entourage Effect and Conventional Breeding of Clinical Cannabis. Frontiers in Plant Science. [DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01969]

3.       Citti, C., et al. (2019). A novel phytocannabinoid isolated from Cannabis sativa L. with higher cannabimimetic activity than Δ9-THC. Scientific Reports 9, 20335.

4.       Hanuš, L.O., et al. (2016). Phytocannabinoids: A Unified Critical Inventory. Natural Product Reports.

5.       Laprairie, R.B., et al. (2015). Cannabidiol is a negative allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. British Journal of Pharmacology.

6.       National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (2021). Cannabinoid Receptor Signaling.   

7.   EMCDDA (2023). Drug Markets and Innovation.