“Is CBD Legal in Europe? 2025 Update for Businesses and Consumers”

 

Table of Contents:

1. The Legal Status of CBD in Europe (2025 Update)
2. Novel Food Regulations and CBD
3. THC Limits in CBD Products
4. Product Compliance: What Businesses Need to Know
5. Selling CBD in Europe: Key Markets & Restrictions
6. Future Trends & Regulatory Changes
7. Conclusion: How to Stay Compliant

 

  

 

1.       The Legal Status of CBD in Europe (2025 Update)

✅EU vs. National Regulations on CBD

a. The EU’s Stance on CBD

The European Union plays a crucial role in shaping CBD regulations across member states. Key legal frameworks include:

i. Novel Food Regulation

Since 2019, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has classified CBD as a Novel Food, meaning it requires authorization before being sold as a food supplement. This regulation applies to CBD extracts and isolates, requiring companies to submit safety dossiers for approval.

• Latest Update (2025): While some companies have received Novel Food authorization, many applications are still under review. The backlog has led to temporary market tolerances in certain countries.
• Source: European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)

ii. The Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) Ruling (2020)

In the landmark Kanavape case, the CJEU ruled that CBD is not a narcotic under EU law if derived from legally cultivated hemp (with THC below 0.2% or 0.3%, depending on the country). This decision reinforced the free movement of CBD products within the EU.

• Impact in 2025: Despite this ruling, some countries still impose restrictions, highlighting discrepancies between EU and national laws.
• Source: Court of Justice of the EU

iii. Industrial Hemp vs. Cannabis Regulations

The EU distinguishes between industrial hemp (low-THC cannabis) and marijuana (high-THC cannabis). Under EU law:

• Hemp cultivation is legal if THC content remains below 0.2% (some countries allow 0.3%).
• CBD extracted from hemp flowers is permitted, but some nations ban flower sales.

b. National Variations in CBD Laws

While the EU provides a framework, individual countries have their own CBD regulations. Here’s a breakdown of key markets in 2025:

i. Germany

• Status: CBD is legal and widely available.
• THC Limit: 0.2% (in line with EU standards).
• 2025 Update: Germany is moving toward full cannabis legalization, which may further liberalize CBD laws.

ii. France

• Status: Only CBD from hemp seeds and fiber is allowed; CBD flowers remain banned.
• THC Limit: 0.3% (recently increased from 0.2%).
• Controversy: France has faced criticism for its strict stance on CBD flowers despite the EU’s Kanavape ruling.

iii. Italy

• Status: CBD is legal, but THC limits are stricter (0.2%).
• 2025 Update: Italy has seen a surge in CBD product sales, but regulatory uncertainty persists.

iv. Switzerland

• Status: More liberal than the EU; THC limit is 1% for CBD products.
• Market Growth: Switzerland has become a hub for high-quality CBD products.

v. United Kingdom (Post-Brexit)

• Status: CBD is legal under the Novel Food regulation.
• THC Limit: 0.2% (aligned with previous EU standards).
• 2025 Update: The UK is reviewing its hemp policies, potentially easing restrictions.

vi. Sweden & Other Strict Markets

• Status: Sweden still treats CBD as a controlled substance unless prescribed.
• Challenges: Despite EU rulings, Sweden maintains a restrictive approach.

Key Takeaway:

While the EU provides a general framework, national laws can differ significantly. Consumers and businesses must stay updated on local regulations.

✅Is CBD Considered a Narcotic in Europe?

a. The Legal Debate

One of the biggest controversies surrounding CBD is whether it should be classified as a narcotic. Here’s the latest stance in 2025:

i. The UN’s Influence

• The 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs originally classified cannabis (and by extension, CBD) as a narcotic.
• However, in 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended reclassifying CBD, stating it has no abuse potential.
• 2025 Update: The UN has loosened restrictions, but some European countries still cite old narcotics laws to restrict CBD.

ii. The EU’s Position

• The CJEU’s Kanavape ruling (2020) clarified that CBD is not a narcotic if derived from legal hemp.
• However, some countries (like Sweden) still treat it as a controlled substance.

iii. Scientific Consensus

Multiple studies confirm that CBD is non-psychoactive and non-addictive:

• A 2023 study in Frontiers in Pharmacology found no evidence of CBD dependence.
• The WHO states that CBD has a good safety profile.

b. Countries Where CBD Is Still Restricted

Despite progress, some nations still impose strict controls:

• Slovakia: Bans all cannabis-derived products, including CBD.
• Lithuania: Only allows CBD as a prescription drug.
• Sweden: Treats CBD as a narcotic unless medically approved.

Key Takeaway:

While the EU no longer considers CBD a narcotic, national laws can override this, creating legal inconsistencies.

2.       Novel Food Regulations and CBD

✅What is Novel Food?

a. Definition Under EU Law

The Novel Food Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 defines Novel Foods as:

*"Foods that were not consumed to a significant degree in the EU before May 1997 and require pre-market authorization due to safety assessments."*

Since CBD extracts and isolates were not widely used in food before this date, they fall under this category.

Key Authorities:

• European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) – Evaluates safety.
• European Commission (EC) – Grants final approval.
• Source: EFSA Novel Food Guidelines

b. Why Was CBD Classified as Novel Food?

Before 2019, many CBD products entered the market without formal approval. However, due to:
✔ Lack of long-term consumption data
✔ Potential safety concerns (e.g., interactions with medications)
✔ Need for standardized dosing guidelines

The EU mandated that all ingestible CBD products must undergo a Novel Food application process.

c. Types of CBD Products Affected

• CBD oils & tinctures (if marketed as food supplements)
• CBD edibles (gummies, chocolates, beverages)
• CBD capsules & powders
• Hemp extracts with CBD

Exemptions:

• Topicals (creams, balms) – Regulated as cosmetics.
• Medical CBD (e.g., Epidyolex) – Regulated as pharmaceuticals.

✅Approved Novel Food Applications for CBD (2025 Update)

a. The Application Process

To sell CBD as a food supplement, companies must:

1)      Submit a dossier to EFSA with:

o    Safety studies (toxicology, clinical data)

o    Production methods

o    Stability & composition analysis

2)      EFSA review (can take 18-24 months).

3)      European Commission final approval.

b. List of Approved CBD Novel Foods (2025)

As of mid-2025, several companies have received authorization, including:

i. Pure CBD Isolates

• Company: CBD isolate producers with pharmaceutical-grade standards.
• Approval Status: Multiple applications approved.

ii. Full-Spectrum Hemp Extracts

• Company: Some EU-based hemp processors.
• Challenge: THC content must remain below 0.2% or 0.3% (country-dependent).

iii. Synthetic CBD

• Company: Major pharmaceutical firms.
• Controversy: Some argue natural CBD should be prioritized.

Latest EFSA Update (2025):

• Over 50 applications are still pending.
• EFSA has requested additional data on long-term CBD consumption.
• Source: EFSA CBD Novel Food List

c. What Happens to Non-Compliant Products?

• Bans: Some EU countries (e.g., France, Italy) have removed non-approved CBD edibles from shelves.
• Temporary Tolerances: The UK and Germany allow sales while applications are processed.

Key Takeaway: Only products from authorized companies are fully compliant. Consumers should check for EFSA approval numbers on labels.

✅Impact of Novel Food Rules on CBD Edibles & Supplements

a. Market Shake-Up: Winners and Losers

Winners:

✔ Large, well-funded companies – Can afford the costly application process (€250,000+).
✔ Pharmaceutical-grade producers – Meet strict EFSA standards.
✔ Brands with early approvals – Gain a competitive edge.

Losers:

✖ Small CBD businesses – Many cannot afford compliance.
✖ Unregulated products – Face seizures and bans.

b. Changes for Consumers

• Higher Prices: Compliance costs may increase product prices.
• Better Quality Control: Approved products undergo rigorous testing.
• Fewer Product Choices: Some small brands exit the market.

c. Future of CBD Edibles in Europe

• Stricter Enforcement: More countries will likely crack down on non-compliant products.
• Innovation in Formulations: Companies may develop low-dose, scientifically backed CBD foods.
• Potential for Harmonization: The EU may streamline approvals to reduce market fragmentation.

3.       THC Limits in CBD Products

✅The EU Standard: 0.2% vs. 0.3% THC

a. The 0.2% THC Limit (Traditional EU Rule)

Since the 1970s, the EU classified industrial hemp as cannabis containing no more than 0.2% THC. This threshold was based on old agricultural policies rather than scientific safety data.

• Applies to: Hemp cultivation and CBD extracts.
• Why 0.2%? To prevent misuse of hemp for intoxicating purposes.
• Criticism: Many argue this limit is outdated and restricts high-quality CBD production.

b. The Push for 0.3% THC (2025 Update)

In recent years, multiple EU nations and industry groups have advocated for a 0.3% THC limit, aligning with:
✔ The U.S. and Switzerland (where 0.3% is standard).
✔ Scientific studies showing that 0.3% THC is still non-intoxicating.

Current Status (2025):

• Some EU countries (e.g., Italy, Czech Republic) now allow 0.3% THC in hemp.
• Others (Germany, France) still enforce 0.2%.
• European Commission debates ongoing—full EU-wide adoption of 0.3% is possible by 2026.

Source: European Industrial Hemp Association (EIHA)

c. Does Higher THC Mean Better CBD?

• Full-spectrum CBD products with up to 0.3% THC may offer enhanced entourage effect benefits.
• Broad-spectrum & isolate CBD contain 0% THC, preferred in strict markets.

Key Takeaway: The EU is slowly moving toward 0.3%, but discrepancies remain.

✅Country-Specific THC Thresholds in 2025

While the EU provides a framework, national laws can differ significantly. Below is a breakdown of key markets:

a. Germany

• THC Limit: 0.2% (strictly enforced).
• CBD Flower Status: Legal if below 0.2% THC.
• 2025 Trend: Potential shift to 0.3% if EU reforms pass.

b. France

• THC Limit: 0.3% (recently increased from 0.2%).
• CBD Flower Ban: Still prohibited despite THC allowance.
• Controversy: French courts have clashed with EU over CBD restrictions.

c. Italy

• THC Limit: 0.2% (but some allowances for "light cannabis" at 0.5%).
• Market Insight: Italy has a thriving CBD market but regulatory confusion persists.

d. Switzerland

• THC Limit: 1.0% (most liberal in Europe).
• Why? Swiss laws treat CBD as a non-narcotic product.
• Result: Switzerland is a hub for high-quality CBD.

e. United Kingdom (Post-Brexit)

• THC Limit: 0.2% (aligned with previous EU rules).
• Novel Food Compliance: Required for ingestible CBD.

f. Sweden & Other Strict Markets

• THC Limit: Near-zero tolerance (effectively 0.1%).
• CBD Status: Often treated as a controlled substance.

Key Takeaway: Always check local laws before buying or selling CBD.

✅How THC Limits Impact CBD Consumers & Businesses

a. For Consumers

✔ Stricter countries (0.2% THC): Fewer full-spectrum options.
✔ Liberal countries (0.3%+ THC): More product variety.
✔ Travel risks: Carrying CBD across borders can be problematic.

b. For Businesses

✔ Supply chain challenges: Must adjust formulations per country.
✔ Testing requirements: Labs must verify THC content.
✔ Market opportunities: Switzerland & Czech Republic attract CBD companies.

✅Future Trends: Will the EU Adopt 0.3% THC?

• Industry pressure is growing for harmonization.
• Scientific support confirms 0.3% is safe.
• Possible timeline: 2026 EU-wide decision.

4.       Product Compliance: What Businesses Need to Know

✅Lab Testing & Certificates of Analysis (CoAs)

Why Lab Testing is Non-Negotiable

Third-party lab testing ensures:
✅ Accurate CBD/THC levels (within legal limits)
✅ No harmful contaminants (pesticides, heavy metals, solvents)
✅ Consumer transparency & trust

Required Tests for EU Compliance (2025)

1)      Cannabinoid Profile

o    Verifies CBD%, THC% (must be ≤0.2% or 0.3%, depending on country)

o    Checks for minor cannabinoids (CBG, CBN, etc.)

2)      Residual Solvents

o    Ensures no toxic solvents remain from extraction.

3)      Microbial Contamination

o    Tests for mold, yeast, and bacteria.

4)      Heavy Metals

o    Lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic must be below safety thresholds.

5)      Pesticides & Herbicides

o    Especially critical for hemp-derived products.

Where to Get Reliable Lab Testing

• ISO-certified labs (e.g., Arge Canna, FOCOS, Hanfanalytik)
• In-house testing + third-party verification (best practice)

✅Labeling Requirements in the EU & UK (2025 Update)

Mandatory Label Information

EU and UK laws require CBD product labels to include:

1)      Product Name (e.g., "CBD Oil 10% Full-Spectrum")

2)      CBD Content (in mg or %)

3)      THC Content (must state ≤0.2% or 0.3%)

4)      Ingredients List (including carrier oils, flavorings)

5)      Net Quantity (e.g., 10ml, 30 capsules)

6)      Batch Number & Expiry Date

7)      Manufacturer Details (name, address)

8)      Novel Food Authorization Number (if applicable)

9)      Health Warnings (e.g., "Not for pregnant women")

Country-Specific Labeling Rules

Country	Additional Requirements
Germany	Must include "Not a medicinal product"
France	Prohibits health claims
UK	Requires FSA Novel Food compliance

Non-Compliance Risks:

• Product seizures at customs
• Fines up to €50,000 in strict markets

Pro Tip: Use QR codes linking to full lab reports for transparency.

✅Extraction Methods: CO2 vs. Ethanol

Why Extraction Method Matters

The extraction process affects:
✔ Purity of CBD
✔ Residual solvent risks
✔ Compliance with EU safety standards

Comparison: CO2 vs. Ethanol Extraction

Factor	CO2 Extraction	Ethanol Extraction
Safety	No toxic residues	May leave traces if not purified
Cost	High (expensive equipment)	Lower cost
Efficiency	Highly precise	Can extract chlorophyll (requires filtering)
EU Compliance	Preferred (cleaner)	Must pass residual solvent tests

Which Method is Best for Compliance?

• CO2 extraction is the gold standard for EU-approved CBD.
• Ethanol extraction is cheaper but requires additional purification.

Example: Hempire Gardens uses supercritical CO2 extraction for maximum purity.

Source: Journal of Cannabis Research

✅Future Trends in CBD Compliance (2025-2026)

1)      Stricter Novel Food Enforcement

o    More EU countries will require pre-market authorization.

2)      Digital Product Passports

o    Blockchain-based tracking for full supply chain transparency.

3)      Harmonized EU THC Limits

o    Possible shift from 0.2% to 0.3% THC.

 

5.       Selling CBD in Europe: Key Markets & Restrictions

✅Germany: Europe’s CBD Powerhouse

Legal Status (2025)

• CBD is legal but classified as a novel food for ingestibles.
• THC limit: 0.2% (strictly enforced; no recreational tolerance).

Key Regulations

✔ Novel Food Authorization: Mandatory for oils, edibles, and supplements.
✔ Pharmacy Sales: Some CBD products sold as wellness aids in pharmacies.
✔ Online Restrictions: Allowed but require transparent lab reports.

Market Opportunities

• High demand for premium CBD oils (full-spectrum ≤0.2% THC).
• Medical cannabis overlap boosts consumer trust in CBD.

Challenges

• Strict THC enforcement (products above 0.2% face seizures).
• Local competition drives price sensitivity.

Best-Selling Products:

• CBD oils (1,000–2,000 mg strengths)
• CBD capsules for wellness

Pro Tip: Partner with German labs for faster compliance testing.
Source: German Federal Institute for Drugs (BfArM)

✅Netherlands: Progressive but Regulated

Legal Status (2025)

• CBD is legal and sold openly in coffee shops and pharmacies.
• THC limit: <0.05% for non-coffee-shop products (strict for retail).

Key Regulations

✔ Coffee Shop Exception: Can sell cannabis with ≤0.5% THC (CBD-rich strains).
✔ Novel Food Rules: Apply to ingestibles, but enforcement is lenient.
✔ No Prescription Needed for low-THC CBD.

Market Opportunities

• Strong tourism-driven demand (Amsterdam attracts CBD users).
• Innovation hub for cannabis-infused beverages and edibles.

Challenges

• THC limits stricter than EU norms for non-coffee-shop products.
• Gray-market competition from unregulated sellers.

Best-Selling Products:

• CBD edibles (gummies, chocolates)
• CBD-infused drinks

Pro Tip: Use Dutch coffee shops for branding but focus on online sales for broader reach.
Source: Dutch Ministry of Health (VWS)

✅UK (Post-Brexit): A Mature but Bureaucratic Market

Legal Status (2025)

• CBD is legal but requires FSA Novel Food approval.
• THC limit: 0.2% (aligned with ex-EU standards).

Key Regulations

✔ FSA Backlog: Over 300 applications pending (approvals take 18+ months).
✔ Medical Claims Ban: Only Epidyolex is prescription-approved.
✔ Retail Channels: Supermarkets (e.g., Boots, Holland & Barrett) stock approved brands.

Market Opportunities

• High consumer awareness (40% of Brits have tried CBD).
• Edibles and topicals dominate retail sales.

Challenges

• Slow FSA approvals delay market entry.
• Competition from illicit Delta-8/THC products.

Best-Selling Products:

• CBD gummies
• CBD muscle balms

Pro Tip: Submit Novel Food applications early to avoid bottlenecks.
Source: UK Food Standards Agency (FSA)

✅Europe: Regulatory Fragmentation & Trends

EU vs. National Laws

Aspect	EU Standard	National Variations
THC Limit	0.2% (hemp)	0.3% (France, Italy), 1% (Switzerland)
Novel Food	Required	Some ignore (e.g., Spain)
CBD Flowers	Legal per CJEU	Banned in France, restricted in Germany

2025 Trends to Watch

✔ THC Harmonization Push: Lobbying for 0.3% EU-wide.
✔ Digital Product Passports: Blockchain tracking for compliance.
✔ Medical CBD Growth: More countries reimbursing prescriptions.

High-Potential Markets

• Poland: Rapidly growing, THC limit 0.3%.
• Switzerland: 1% THC allowance ideal for product development.
• Czech Republic: Liberal laws attract CBD businesses.

Pro Tip: Use Switzerland as a production base for EU-wide distribution.

✅How to Sell CBD Successfully in Europe

Step 1: Prioritize Compliance

• Test every batch for THC and contaminants (ISO-certified labs).
• Adapt labels per country (e.g., France bans health claims).

Step 2: Choose Distribution Channels

• Germany: Pharmacies + e-commerce.
• Netherlands: Coffee shops (for branding) + online.
• UK: Supermarkets (if FSA-approved) + D2C.

Step 3: Market Strategically

• Germany: Emphasize lab-certified quality.
• Netherlands: Leverage tourist demand.
• UK: Highlight FSA approval status.

6.       Future Trends & Regulatory Changes

✅Regulatory Changes Shaping the CBD Industry

a. EU-Wide THC Limit Harmonization

Currently, THC limits for hemp-derived CBD vary across Europe:

• 0.2% (Germany, UK)
• 0.3% (France, Italy)
• 1.0% (Switzerland)

Expected Change (2025-2026):

• The European Industrial Hemp Association (EIHA) is pushing for a unified 0.3% THC limit across the EU.
• Impact: Easier cross-border trade, better product consistency.

Source: EIHA Policy Report

b. Novel Food Approvals: Speedier Process?

As of 2025, only a handful of CBD companies have received full Novel Food authorization from the EFSA.

What’s Changing?

• The EFSA may streamline approvals for well-documented applications.
• Blockchain-tracked compliance could reduce delays.

Pro Tip: Brands should prepare dossiers early to avoid bottlenecks.

c. Medical CBD & Prescription Trends

• Epidyolex (GW Pharmaceuticals) is now approved EU-wide for epilepsy.
• Germany and the UK are expanding medical cannabis reimbursements.

Future Outlook:

• More CBD-based pharmaceuticals in development.
• Potential for over-the-counter (OTC) low-dose CBD in some countries.

Source: European Medicines Agency (EMA)

✅Emerging Market Trends in 2025

a. New Product Categories

i. CBD Beverages

• Alcohol-free CBD beers, sparkling waters, and teas are gaining popularity.
• Example: Hempire Gardens’ CBD Infused Sparkling Water

ii. Pet CBD Products

• Dog and cat CBD oils are a fast-growing niche.
• Regulatory Note: Some EU countries require veterinary approval.

iii. Cosmeceuticals

• CBD-infused anti-aging creams and acne treatments are trending.

b. Consumer Preferences Shift

Trend	Why It Matters
Organic & Sustainable CBD	Consumers prefer pesticide-free, carbon-neutral brands.
Precision Dosing	Demand for nanotechnology-enhanced fast-acting CBD.
Minor Cannabinoids (CBG, CBN)	New products featuring CBG for focus, CBN for sleep.

Source: Brightfield Group Market Research

✅Challenges & Risks Ahead

a. Regulatory Fragmentation

• France’s flower ban vs. Germany’s allowance creates market inconsistencies.
• Solution: Focus on markets with clear guidelines (e.g., Switzerland, UK).

b. Banking & Payment Barriers

• Many European banks still block CBD businesses.
• Alternative: Use crypto-friendly payment processors.

c. Competition from Synthetic CBD

• Pharma companies are investing in synthetic, patentable CBD.
• Natural CBD brands must emphasize full-spectrum benefits.

✅How Businesses Can Prepare

Step 1: Future-Proof Compliance

• Adopt blockchain-based batch tracking for transparency.
• Stay updated on EFSA & local regulations.

Step 2: Innovate Product Lines

• Develop beverages, pet products, and cosmeceuticals.
• Explore minor cannabinoids (CBC, THCV) for differentiation.

Step 3: Target High-Growth Markets

• Switzerland (1% THC), Poland (0.3%), Czech Republic.

7.       Conclusion: How to Stay Compliant

The European CBD market presents tremendous opportunities but remains one of the most complex regulatory landscapes globally. As we move through 2025, businesses and consumers must navigate:

✔ Diverging national laws on THC limits, Novel Foods, and product types
✔ Increasing enforcement of compliance standards
✔ Emerging trends in product innovation and medical applications

Here's your essential roadmap for staying compliant and competitive:

For CBD Businesses: 5 Key Compliance Steps

1)      Prioritize Third-Party Testing

o    Test every batch for:

§  THC content (stay below local limits: 0.2%/0.3%/1%)

§  Contaminants (heavy metals, pesticides, microbes)

o    Use ISO-certified labs and publish Certificates of Analysis (CoAs)

2)      Adapt to Novel Food Requirements

o    If selling ingestibles (oils, edibles, capsules):

§  Submit EFSA applications early (current backlog: 18+ months)

§  For UK market: FSA authorization is mandatory

o    Consider blockchain-tracked compliance for future regulations

3)      Localize Your Approach

o    THC Limits Vary:

§  Germany/France: 0.2-0.3%

§  Switzerland: 1%

§  UK: 0.2%

o    Product Restrictions:

§  France: No CBD flowers

§  Netherlands: <0.05% THC in retail (non-coffee shop)

4)      Future-Proof Your Products

o    Invest in CO2 extraction (gold standard for purity)

o    Develop new categories with high growth potential:

§  CBD beverages (e.g., alcohol-free beers)

§  Pet CBD products (veterinary approvals needed in some markets)

§  Cosmeceuticals (anti-aging creams, acne treatments)

5)      Monitor Regulatory Shifts

o    2025-2026 Critical Changes to Watch:

§  Potential EU-wide 0.3% THC harmonization

§  Expansion of medical CBD reimbursements (Germany, UK leading)

§  Digital product passports for supply chain transparency

For Consumers: 3 Safety Tips

1)      Verify Compliance Marks

o    Look for EFSA/FSA Novel Food authorization numbers

o    Check for third-party lab reports (QR codes on packaging)

2)      Understand Local THC Rules

o    Traveling with CBD? Switzerland (1% THC) vs. Germany (0.2%) have very different limits

o    Avoid non-compliant products to prevent customs seizures

3)      Choose Reputable Brands

o    Prioritize companies like Hempire Gardens that:

§  Use CO2 extraction

§  Provide full-panel lab testing

§  Comply with EU and national laws

The Bottom Line

Europe's CBD market is maturing but fragmented. Success requires:

• Businesses: Agile compliance strategies tailored to each market
• Consumers: Vigilance about product origins and lab testing

 

Here you can buy CBD products available in Europe.

 

 

References:

1. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). (2025). Novel Food Guidelines.
2. Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU). (2020). *Kanavape Case C-663/18*.
3. European Industrial Hemp Association (EIHA). (2025). THC Limit Report.
4. UK Food Standards Agency (FSA). (2025). CBD Novel Food List.